Aggregate Mining Sand Gravel Processing
Aggregate Mining Sand Gravel Processing
Sand, gravel, and crushed stone? the main types of natural aggregate? are essential resources for use in construction. Today, aggregate production accounts for about half of the nonfuel- mining volume in the United States. In the future, the rebuilding of deteriorated roads, highways, bridges, airports, seaports, waste disposal and treatment facilities, water and sewer systems, and private and public buildings will require enormous quantities of aggregate to be mined.
An area?s geology, land ownership, land use, and transportation infrastructure are factors that affect aggregate supply. Although potential sources of sand, gravel, and crushed stone are widespread and large, land-use choices, economic considerations, and environmental concerns may limit their availability.
Making aggregate resources available for our country?s increasing needs will be an ongoing challenge. Understanding how sand, gravel, and crushed stone are produced and how the related environmental impacts are prevented or mitigated can help citizens, communities, and our nation meet this challenge.
Many of us tend to take natural resources for granted, especially aggregate? sand, gravel, and crushed stone. On one hand, aggregate resources are vital to our way of life because they are the major raw materials used in construction of roads, rail lines, bridges, hospitals, schools, airports, factories, and homes. On the other hand, the mining and processing of natural resources such as aggregate commonly raises concerns about potential environmental impacts.
Nevertheless, we must have access to a readily available supply of high quality aggregate if we wish to maintain our current lifestyle.
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It is impossible to construct a city without using natural aggregate sand, gravel, and crushed stone. The amount of these essential construction materials we use each year is likely to surprise you. Annual production of aggregate worldwide totals about 16.5 billion tons (15 billion metric tons). This staggering volume valued at more than $70 billion makes aggregate production one of the most important mining industries in the world.
What becomes of these earth materials? Aggregate is used to build and maintain urban, suburban, and rural infrastructures including commercial and residential buildings; highways, bridges, sidewalks, and parking lots; factories and power generation facilities; water storage, filtration, and delivery systems; and wastewater collection and treatment systems. Developed countries cannot sustain their high level of productivity, and the economies of developing nations cannot be expanded, without the extensive use of aggregate.
Fig. 2: Sand and gravel are rock fragments shaped and round by erosion
Aggregate consists of grains or fragments of rock (Fig. 2). These materials are mined or quarried, and they are used either in their natural state or after crushing, washing, and sizing. Sand, gravel, and crushed stone are commonly combined with binding media to form concrete, mortar, and asphalt. They also provide the base that underlies paved roads, railroad ballast, surfaces on unpaved roads, and filtering material in water treatment.
Unlike metals, such as gold, that have a high unit value derived from their special properties and relatively low abundance, aggregate is a high-bulk, low unit value commodity. Aggregate derives much of its value from being located near the market and thus is said to have a high place value. Transporting aggregate long distances can increase its price significantly and may render distant deposits uneconomical. Therefore, aggregate operations commonly are located near population centers and other market areas.
Even though natural aggregate is widely distributed throughout the world, it is not necessarily available for use. Some areas do not have sand and gravel, and potential sources of crushed stone may occur at depths that make extraction impractical. In other areas, natural aggregate does not meet the quality requirements for use, or it may react adversely when used in such applications as concrete or asphalt. Furthermore, an area may contain abundant aggregate suitable for the intended purpose, but conflicting land uses, zoning, regulations, or citizen opposition may preclude its development and production.
All of these factors high place value, the need to locate operations close to the market, the limited distribution of aggregate, and the limited access to aggregate complicate the process of producing aggregate and increase the desirability of planning for future supplies.
Mining Sand Gravel Processing Equipment Plant
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